The Epic Of Beowulf And The Song Of Roland - 1590 Words

The epics of Beowulf and The Song of Roland were written down within a few hundred years of one another, however, their subject matter and scope differ vastly. Beowulf, set in Scandinavia, contains the exploits of the hero Beowulf and his life as he grows from a thane of Geatland to a king of his people. The events of Beowulf span many years and entail his fighting of several different creatures. Throughout the epic, Beowulf and many of the characters around him exhibit a heroic code that details the standard of behavior and thoughts one should have in order to be a hero in that world. Similarly, The Song of Roland, which is set in the late 700s, revolves around another exemplary hero in Count Roland, a great knight of Emperor Charles, who is fighting in Spain for the seventh year with the rest of Charlemagne’s army. As with Beowulf, The Song of Roland expresses ideas pertaining to the concepts of a heroic code and what it means to be and become a great warrior and king. Whil e both epics were written fairly close to one another in history, the origins of the pair are vastly different and both concern themselves with similar themes and features, but do so in wholly different ways. Beowulf is an epic that is large in scale and scope in terms of both time and space. Early on within the tale, the reader is introduced to the great hero and namesake of the story, Beowulf. He is a man above men and exemplifies what it means to be a great hero within his time. Predominantly,Show MoreRelatedOral Tradition And The Middle Ages1163 Words   |  5 PagesMuch of the known history of a certain nation, which survived the Middle Ages, is derived from a specific story or collection of stories. These stories are defined as epics, because they often contain a hero or heroic group that slayed an evil force of some kind. One of the greatest effects the epics had on the tribes or communities of the Middle Ages was their unifying influence. Through oral tradition, the tribal communities were brought together to be educated in their history. With the prevailingRead MoreCharles Baudelaire And Victor Hugo976 Words   |  4 Pages The Structural Sync : Beowulf is the oldest product of English literature; it is an epic poem narrating the adventures of Beowulf who becomes the king of Geates. We witness how the oldest forms of literature in different parts of the worlds is in the forms of epic poems. In French literature, we find The Song of Roland to be the oldest literal work. The Song of Roland is based upon the Battle of Roncevaux lead by King Charlemagne. Some other famous epics include The Epic of Gilgamesh, The OdysseyRead More12 Literary Piece1670 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity originating from Palestine and Greece 2. Koran: The Muslim bible originating from Arabia 3. The Iliad and the Odyssey: These have been the source of Myths and Legends of Greece. They were written by Homer. 4. The Mahabharata: The Longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in India. 5. Canterburry: it depicts the religion and customs of English in early days. This originated from England and written by Chaucer. 6. Uncle Toms Cabin: written by Harriet Beecher StoweRead MoreContrast the Life of the Heian-Era Courtier with That of the Kamakura Samurai.783 Words   |  4 Pagesfive, seven, and five syllables per line). Most haiku deal with nature. In Europe, the epic poem became popular. An epic poem is a long poem usually about warriors or heroes. The poems often include legends and myths and heroes with superhuman qualities. Famous European epics include Beowulf and The Song of Roland. Lyric poetry was also a significant part of European literature. These poems resemble songs. Most lyric poetry praises women and ideal love. Poet-musicians called troubadours usuallyRead MoreMedieval Poetry3509 Words   |  15 Pagesabout the saints by Jacobus de Voraigne. Not all medieval literature was religious in nature, however. Secular poems and prose works related the deeds of semi-legendary heroes and villains. Examples of this type of work include the French  Song of Roland  and  Beowulf, an early English poem about a heros battles against a series of monsters. Other popular heroes in medieval literature included El Cid, a Spanish hero, and King Arthur, a legendary Welsh character who became the protagonist of a numberRead MoreBiography Of Ancient Greek Poet Homer2350 Words   |  10 Pagesimpaired in a few lingos, which prompted the theories that most likely he was a prisoner or a visually impaired man. While some different researchers put his name into a nonexclusive capacity. Gregory Nagy states that his name signifies he who fits the Song together. As indicated by Ancient Lives, Homer was a meandering minstrel, as Thamyris or Hesiod, who strolled Chalkis to sing at the burial service diversions of Amphidamas. In view of the proofs f rom ballads, it was said that the vocalists were partitionedRead More Humanities in the Early, High And Late Middle Ages Essay2132 Words   |  9 Pagesand Three Holy Women at the Holy Sepulcher. Fiero (2002) states Germanic traditions, including those of personal valor and heroism associated with a warring culture, are reflected in the epic poems of the Early Middle Ages. The three most famous of these, Beowulf, The Song of the Nibelungen, and the Song of Roland, were transmitted orally for hundreds of years before they were written down sometime between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. (p.71) Although this age had a brief renaissance, the EarlyRead MoreEssay about Humanities in the Early, High and Late Middle Ages2248 Words   |  9 Pagesand Three Holy Women at the Holy Sepulcher. Fiero (2002) states Germanic traditions, including those of personal valor and heroism associated with a warring culture, are reflected in the epic poems of the Early Middle Ages. The three most famous of these, Beowulf, The Song of the Nibelungen, and the Song of Roland, were transmitted orally for hundreds of years before they were written down sometime between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. (p.71) Although this age had a brief renaissance, the EarlyRead MoreImportant Developments in the Humanities During the Early, High and Late Middle Ages2443 Words   |  10 Pagesbandits or Vikings, peasants and serfs gave up their wealth and their freedom. Specific works that illustrate the view of the changes that have occurred are Beowulf and the Song of Roland. These poems depict the Germanic traditions that include personal valor and heroism that were associated with the warring culture of the Middle Ages. These epic poems are in common with the Iliad and Mahabharata and other orally translated adventure poems (Fiero, p. 71). The Bayeux Tapestry and the illuminated pagesRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesbooks were rare and precious (Bingham and Scholt 1980). Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscripts devoted specifically to

Tobacco Industry Its Significance in US Economy Free Essays

The United States is the world†s second largest tobacco grower. Thus, tobacco is an important cash crop and the cigarette manufacturers play a very important role in the U. S economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Tobacco Industry: Its Significance in US Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now (7:2) Approximately 500,000 Americans die every year as a direct result of smoking (1:66). As the U. S. population becomes more health conscious, the number of smokers is decreasing every year. However, the tobacco industry has remained prosperous due to the continuing demand of millions of smokers still present in the U.S.A and other places like Asia, Russia and Eastern Europe.(7:2) The tobacco industry has never before publicly admitted to a direct connection between smoking and lung or heart diseases (7:2). Since 1954, 825 cases have been filed against cigarette companies demanding compensatim. Out of this only 22 have gone for trial, three of which resulted in partial victory.(1:66) Marketing can be defined as the process by which goods and services are sold and purchased. It also includes functions like, advertising, mail-order business, public relations and the like. The main goal of marketing is to acquire, retain and satisfy customers.(2:1) Cigarette companies seem to understand the above mentioned definition perfectly. They carefully follow management’s wishes about promotion of cigarettes. Like any other firm, cigarette manufacturers try to supply, design and produce products that will satisfy consumer needs.(4:4) However, critics complain of the effects of marketing tobacco on society. Advertisement of brand names like Marlboro, Lucky Strike etc. are harmful for children since they generally glorifies smoking. Cigarette firms have been criticized for designing and promoting brands that target the special tastes of working persons, African -Americans etc. (4:4). Thus, critics feel that for tobacco no marketing tool that increases profit or marketing share should be used.(4:11) No matter how unhealthy cigarettes are, they still are legal. Therefore, tobacco companies have a right to market their products. After all, we could categorize tobacco marketing as â€Å"Misplaced Marketing†.(4:4) The major tobacco companies of U.S.A were headed for trouble this year. In early 1997, the smallest tobacco company. Liggett Group agreed to a wide-ranging settlement of health-related lawsuit and admitted publicly that tobacco causes cancer, is addictive and is â€Å"marketed† to teens. This admission ended up being a big problem for other’s tobacco companies.(6:3) On 27 June 1997, the companies: Philip Morris RJR Nabisco Holdings, B.A.T Industries, Brown Williamson and Loews Corp. reached an agreement with the attorneys -general of nearly 40 American states. This settlement resulted in the tobacco industry changing its own marketing rules.(5:23) 1.Financial implications of the settlement The above mentioned settlement calls for the tobacco industry to start an annual payment of $10 billion (eventually rising to $15 billion) to compensate states for smoking-related health costs and to pay people who successfully file for damages. The five tobacco companies must also finance anti-smoking medical and educational research, in order to prevent youths from smoking.(5:23) The cigarette companies also have to pay $60 billion in damages as a form of punishment. Besides all this, the industry will face additional penalties if the number of teenage smokers does not decrease by 50% in seven years.(5:25) This settlement, is set to drastically change the marketing program of the tobacco companies. From now on, human or cartoon figures will not appear in cigarette advertisements. That is, the advertisements will have to consist of words only (5:23). Tobacco advertisements are also banned from billboards, stadiums and the Internet. They are also prohibited from advertising in films or in theaters. The settlement also ends the use of all cigarette vending machines (5:24). Tobacco companies cannot use their brand marks on T-shirts, caps and other promotional free gifts (5:25). The agreement would give the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authority to regulate tobacco products. In addition, cigarettes would come with tough new warnings such as ‘smoking causes cancer† and ‘smoking can kill you†.(5:24) The above mentioned changes will alter the marketing techniques of tobacco as never before and thus, the tobacco companies have to adapt to a new way of doing business. The tobacco industry has been hit hard by the settlement it signed. But it does not mean the end of this multi-billion dollar business. Let us have a look at some new and upcoming ways in which tobacco is sold. Even if the tobacco industry faces a gloomy business future in U.S.A it can earn a lot by selling more cigarettes in developing countries from the Middle East to South East Asia INTERFERENCE With practically no government interference and millions of smokers, tobacco companies could even earn profits from brands that are dead in USA. They can also expect bigger profits by trying to change local customs. For example: In Japan, the number of women’s smokers is on the rise, after tobacco promotions persuaded society not to prohibit women smoking.(3:34) As the numbers of public outlets for cigarettes decrease in the future a mail-order tobacco business could be created and this could be even more profitable. Being good database marketers, the databases of the tobacco industry will act as a communication and distribution channel. RJ Reynolds has already taken a lead in this type of marketing.(3:34) From now on, tobacco companies will have to do most of their advertising in adult magazines. They might even end up opening cigarette only retail stores, as another way to supply smokers. As marketing of tobacco has become more challenging than ever before, it will remain a powerful part of management for the tobacco companies.(5:27) Tobacco firms have always shown enthusiasm in marketing their products. However, they have to face constant criticism of their marketing techniques. Critics feel that tobacco marketing is an example of misplaced marketing. The recently signed agreement between leading cigarette companies and nearly forty American states, will lead to radical change in the marketing field. Besides financial penalties, cigarette companies have also agreed to restrict and reshape their promotional strategies. In the future, tobacco firms will have to come up with new ideas to market cigarettes and probably will have to increase their foreign sales. Basically, cigarette manufacturers have to right to promote and advertise their products so long as they are legal. Thus, clearly tobacco will be marketed, in some form or the other, for years to come. How to cite Tobacco Industry: Its Significance in US Economy, Essay examples

Beowulf is a story about a man named Beowulf who desired fame and fortune in life Essay Example For Students

Beowulf is a story about a man named Beowulf who desired fame and fortune in life Essay Beowulf is a story about a man named Beowulf who desired fame and fortune in life. The Iliad had a character named Achilles who is similar to Beowulf because he also desired glory. But they are two completely different stories written at different times and different places by different people. Both stories have unique qualities such as dragons in one and multi-gods in the other and that is what makes fictitious stories like these classics. Since achieving fame is a goal of these two characters, and since these are great works of literature, people can relate to wanting to be famous in life. So this essay is about Beowulf and Achilles and what they went through to be famous and also what they went through to keep their fame. We will write a custom essay on Beowulf is a story about a man named Beowulf who desired fame and fortune in life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Iliad, written by Homer, is about a few weeks of a ten-year war between the Trojans and the Acheans. Achilles is one of the main characters of The Iliad and he is a great man. All he wants is blood. His friend Patroclus was killed and he fights to avenge his friend and earn glory in the process. He would not have achieved glory if his friend hadnt died though because Achilles knew that when he fought he would die Iliad, p. 117. His friends death is what led Achilles to the fame and glory he received even though he couldnt really enjoy it since Achilles died in the war. Achilles key to fame was not only in killing hordes of Trojans but also killing one of their beloved icons à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Hector. Brilliant Achilles drove his spear and the point went stabbing clean through the tender neck The Iliad, ln 385 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 386, p 195. He killed Hector as revenge for Hector killing Patroclus. Hector was the first Trojan icon to go down in The Iliad although the next ones went down later on in the war, perhaps not in The Iliad but in the Aenid. Aeneas speaks of the war in Aenid and he describes how Hectors father, Priam, met his death. After Hectors death, Achilles would drag the body every morning around his army base three times to show the accomplishment he had made in the war. The gods didnt really agree with him though because they kept healing Hectors body not back to life though. All his wounds sealed shut, wherever they struck and many drove their bronze blades through his body The Iliad, ln 496-497, p 209. Eventually, Priam with help of gods got Achilles to sell Hectors body back for a bunch of priceless goods. Give Hector back to me, now, no more delay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" I must see my son with my own eyes The Iliad, ln 650 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 651, p 212. Being begged by a king increases his fame just because a king doesnt usually do that, especially in this case. Priam gets the body and buries it and thats the end of The Iliad. Whereas in Beowulf, written by an anonymous poet, is  about a man who is very strong. He travels to a distant land to kill a couple monsters and earn glory for himself. The quest begins when Beowulf heads to the Danish castle. He is a Geat by the way. His king is Higlac and Beowulf asked him if he could travel the seas to earn glory for himself by helping out the Danish and their king, Hrothgar. When Beowulf finally got to Hrothgar, Hrothgar was glad to see him; he seemed to have a lot of faith in Beowulf. Our Holy Father has sent him as a sign of His grace, a mark of His favor, to help us defeat Grendel and end that terror Beowulf, ln 381 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 384. The monster, Grendel, had already killed around 30 good men and what would be another man to him the king doubts, even though the man was the strongest in the world? Oh, by the way, Unferth who sat at Hrothgars feet questioned and disliked Beowulf claiming he was not as strong as he makes himself out to be. .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa , .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .postImageUrl , .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa , .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa:hover , .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa:visited , .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa:active { border:0!important; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa:active , .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7552e5227e6da309b11a931858dc98aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Secret Life of Bees Timed Writing EssayAfter Beowulf proved him wrong, he went on his way to earn his fame. That night, Hrothgar left the hall and when the monster came, it was a title fight with one exception à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Beowulf verses Grendel! The exception being that one unlucky Geat was in the way; you know, the one guy that dies in every story. Not only did he best Grendel, but he did it without a sword or armor. Unfortunately Grendel did escape, minus a whole arm the Danish wanted him dead but they werent too mad. The next night, the losers mother decided to come up and cause trouble Revenge. She ends up killing one of Hrothgars closest advisors. Having heard this, Beowulf jumped back on the fame train and headed for the monsters lair à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a lake of pure evil located a few miles from Hrothgars Hall. The partially famous guy sank to the bottom of the lake which took hours and he had an even better battle with Grendels mother. After slaying the mother, he found Grendel laying in a corner of the lair and, using a magical sword he found in the lair, sliced Grendels head clean off so he could claim all the glory and have proof of how heroic and great he was. The sword, after slicing through the pure evil, was somehow melted away so all that was left was the hilt, which he gave to Hrothgar as part of the battle set head and hilt. That was how Beowulf attained his glory. After many years as king of the Geats he faced another crisis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a dragon had awakened and started to destroy and kill people and buildings. Beowulf, being old now, figured that he had to slay the dragon, otherwise others would have called him a bad ruler and he would have the kind of fame no one wants he wanted to be the hero to the end.  So he gathered up his troop and headed off bravely to the tower where the dragon slept. This was where he proved that he was very brave and was a good person who was honorable. Those are the keys to being famous in fairytale land anyway. While all his men except one fled his side, he bravely fought the dragon. He did not survive the battle against the dragon, however, but Beowulf did manage to slay him. And death in battle also attributes to the glory he earned and will leave him to be a very famous man throughout history in the story. The man might have really existed. Sad to say though that both characters Achilles and Beowulf died in the end; however, we are all going to die someday and both of them died when it was important à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" in battle earning honor. Many of us in the real world will not get that kind of death and that is why people like to read and listen to these kinds of stories, so they can fantasize about being heroes and warriors in their own minds.